The Olmec,Maya,&Aztec are dominating societies of mesoameric essays

The Olmec,Maya,&Aztec are dominating societies of mesoameric essays The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec were dominating societies of Mesoamerica, rich in culture, community, and art. While life may not be completely interpretable yet, much in known about how these societies were constructed, and how their religion dominated their lives. Much is generally made of their massive stonework, their ceremonial complexes, and ritual sacrifices, but their small jade, ceramic, and stone sculpture deserves as much attention as the works of much larger size have received. The Olmec were thought to have set many of the patterns seen in later cultures throughout Mesoamerica.1 San Lorenzo, the oldest known Olmec building site, as of the time of the Britannica article, is known for its Colossal Stone Heads, all of which have prominent facial features. Las Bocas was excavated and many small jade figurines of people in the community were found. Some of these appear to have ritualistic purposes, judging by the incising noted on the sculpture. The Olmec culture spread northwest and southeast, and seemingly influenced later cultures in artistic endeavors2. The concept of sacrifice in Olmec art had ties to the belief of renewal; a birth-death scenario, where one is returned to the source - the underworld.3 Similar to monumental figures of men presenting children, wearing jaguar-baby masks, for sacrifice, human figures were sculpted in a much smaller scale, many of which are ceramic or polished jade (fig. 1). The Las Bocas site of the Olmec produced many small figurines that are thought to represent the people who lived there. These objects display Olmec symbols on their hairstyles or bodies, and because they were found at or near grave sites, these pieces are believed to have more purpose than simply the depiction of daily life.4 An example of this type of sculpture is of a man and woman embracing (fig. 2). The Wrestler figure is an example of Olmec sculpture that should be viewed from all ...

DAUGHTERS OF THE MOON essays

DAUGHTERS OF THE MOON essays Daughters of the Moon: Goddess of the Night is a wonderful book for anyone who is looking for something mystical and exciting to read. I highly recommend this book to everyone, especially teenage girls who are looking for an excellent book with real-life teenage heroines in it. This book helps you to think in a whole different way. It keeps you on the edge of your seat and keeps you wanting more. It is book number one in the Daughters of the Moon series. Vannesa, Catty, Serena, and Jimena seem like regular, ordinary high schoolers living in sunny Los Angeles. They are... except for one little thing. Each of them has a unique secret. Vannesa can become invisible. Catty travels back in time. Serena reads minds, and Jimena has premonitions. All Vannesa Cleveland ever wanted in life was to be able to do regular, ordinary things like most teenagers. There's only one small setback keeping her from that goal: She can become invisble. From a young age, Vannesa and her best friend, Catty, knew that they were different from everyone else. They both discovered at the same time that they had special abilities, or gifts, that made them different from everyone else. Vannesa discovered she could become invisible and Catty discovered that she could travel back into time. To add to all that drama, Catty and Vannesa both have the exact same moon-shaped amulet since they were born. Catty fully accepts that she is different from everyone else whereas Vannesa has a much harder time accepting that she has this very unique and rare gift. Vannesa believes that if anyone was to find out about her gift, that she would be considered a freak. Catty uses her power to her own advantage and begins teaching herself how to control it. Vannesa, on the other hand, makes no effort whatsoever to begin to use her power or even learn how to control it. Vannesa tries to lead a pretty average life. She tries her best to do normal...

Supply chain management case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supply chain management - Case Study Example Increasing the safety stock will positively impact on the operations of the company since it may be able to keep enough stock which entails that customers are not turned away empty handed. 2. Mr Flint should maintain the intermodal method of transportation of the MWED10GD which costs $4000 per load of 2000 units. This will help the company to maintain the costs at a lower level than to opt for the direct truck model which would increase the costs. The products supplied remain the same while the price does not change. This can strain the company in terms of revenue generated. Therefore, it would be wise for the company to increase the safety stock so that the customers would get something rather than wait for the next consignment. Through maintaining costs at a minimum level while increasing the level of stock will help the company to generate more quick returns in terms of the revenue it

British state promotion economic growth through education Essay

British state promotion economic growth through education - Essay Example Stewart suggests that poor or high educational emphasis can lead to a cycle of negative and positive growth in the economy which in turn would lead to formation of weak or strong educational systems. This analysis is based on the relationship of British economic growth and the educational policies since 1979. We discuss whether educational policies could or could not be used to promote economic growth considering R&D inputs and extent of state control. Considering the changes in the educational approach Arthur (2005) argues that character education could be related to citizenship education that provides a basic framework to morals and values. There have been many changes within the British educational policy and after a period of neglect in moral values within education during the 1960s, between 1979 and 1997, Conservative governments have attempted to reinforce moral standards by establishing state control on the school curriculum. Arthur points out that the values that are now being emphasized by New Labour seeks to promote pragmatic moral ethics and behavior and along with meeting the needs of the pupil also raises school performance and meets the needs of the new economy by promoting democratic participation (2005, 242-245). Considering the diverse and differing views on what constitutes character or morality, Arthur (2005) shows that character education can be reduced to a set of behavior outcomes which may not serve the purp ose of promoting higher ideals and ethics. The conservatives' educational policies gave full freedom to every school to set its own admission policies. The Tories believed that the free school policies would rationalize education spending and help most popular schools to expand. Regular inspection of the school and examination of management activities has been recommended by the Tories. Conservative policies however encouraged universities to focus on breaking away from government control and establish greater autonomy through endowments. Conservatives have suggested that teacher shortages show that Labour has failed to deliver on education. The focus of conservatives is to have an educational policy with reduced class sizes and greater educational autonomy. However does educational autonomy signify economic growth Jones and Thomas (2005) argue that fair access and widening participation of students are important within the UK higher education agenda. The strands of policies on government approach to access and participation have been examined by Jones and Thomas and they suggest that one aspect of government policies is based on attracting talented young people in an unreformed higher education system and the second strand suggests that there is a need for reform in such policies (Jones and Thomas, 2005, 622). The government's 2003 White Paper on the future of higher education highlights the differences between the economic and social objectives of education and also examines the notion of institutional differentiation. Jones

Political Power in the Prince by Machiavelli Essay Example for Free

Political Power in the Prince by Machiavelli Essay Machiavelli argues in another major work that the purpose of politics is to promote a â€Å"common good.† How does this statement relate to the ideas Machiavelli presents in The Prince? The fact that two of Machiavelli’s greatest and most famous works on political power came into being thanks to the downfall of his own political career is quite ironic. More ironic however is the way he contradicts his statements in each book about the purpose of political power. As previously stated, one of Machiavelli’s major works, referring directly to The Discourses on Livy (1517), argues that the purpose of political power is to promote a â€Å"common good†. Meanwhile, The Prince presents a ruler less worried about the â€Å"common good† and more concerned about maintaining and expanding political power at all costs. â€Å"Laws make men good,† states Machiavelli in book one of the discourses, after a long explanation about how men created politics to create order. At first men searched for the strongest and bravest among them to mold him into a leader they could obey. Machiavelli then says: â€Å"From this beginning came recognition of what is proper and good, as opposed to what is pernicious and wicked.† However, as time went on, the people became harder to satisfy and politics became more complicated. New forms of government and laws were created in order to keep the people in order because as he states in The Discourses: â€Å"men will never be good, except by necessity†. Simple leaders became the tyrants he promotes in The Prince. They sought to be feared by their people in order to be obeyed and maintain power. In The Prince the leader is no longer the strongest and the bravest, but the prudent, more astute. The leader is one that can predict things such as treachery and conspiracy and end it before it can cause further problems in his government. The Prince discusses many ways for an astute leader to rule his state and maybe one or two of these promote the â€Å"common good† of the people, and it isn’t even actual common good. In The prince, the appearance of a common good is more important than having it as a reality. A ruler must appear to be honest and good but doesn’t necessarily have to be. I believe the relation between Machiavelli’s two texts on the purpose of political power is that one describes what politics were made to be while the other discusses what they have actually come to be and how to keep them that way. Instead of a â€Å"common good† it goes more along the lines of what is good for the ruler. While the statements contradict each other more than once, I believe the texts to be somewhat complementary in the sense that alone, they each give a different side or view of what politics actually are, while reading them both gives the reader an expanded, more complete understanding, not only on what politics are and how to maintain that political power, but also on why it has to be that way â€Å"for the good of the people.†

herbert hoover and his role in the great depression Essay -- essays re

Herbert Hoover and His Role in The Great Depression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the continually worsening conditions, and the stock market crash on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the United States was thrown into the biggest economical disaster of our history. Everyone, excluding the rich upper class, became poor and most unemployed. The majority of the American populace found themselves living in ‘shantytowns’ or ‘Hoovervilles’ as they later became to be known, which consisted of many cramped shacks constructed from whatever was available. This meant old burnt-out cars, cardboard boxes, random pieces of lumber, and anything else that people could find. Times truly were tough. It was a daily struggle for people to support their own lives, let alone those of their family on the meager amount of money they had. The lucky man in charge of bringing us out from the depths of this very great of depressions was none other than the thirty-first president of these United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herbert Clark Hoover was born in an Iowa village in 1874 to a Quaker blacksmith. He grew up in Oregon and eventually graduated from Stanford University as a mining engineer. After marrying Lou Henry, his girlfriend from Stanford, they went to China where he worked as the leading engineer for the country. Upon entering World War I, President Wilson placed Hoover at the head of the Food Administration where he successfully kept the Allies well fed. Following the war, Hoover organized food shipments for millions of starving people in Europe and Soviet Russia as a member of the Supreme Economic Council and head of the American Relief Administration. Finally, in 1928 Hoover became the Republican Presidential nominee, and later the President of the United States of America. A year later, those United States sank into deep depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following the crash of the stock market in 1929, Americans looked to their federal government for help through these hard times. The public required Direct Relief, or cash payments or food provided for the poor by the government. Hoover and his rugged individualist mentality, however, believed that the government should not interfere with the economic happenings of its citizens. He said that aid to the hungry and the deserving unemployed should come from local govern... ...nto the shoulders of Hoover, between 10 and 20 thousand World War I veterans marched to Washington D.C. in the spring of 1932. This Bonus Army, as it was to be called, made the trip under Walter Waters to support a bill under debate that might grant them a cash bonus. The original bonus, previously passed in 1924, was supposed to give them life insurance in 1945. This new bill in Congress was to give each soldier $500 immediately. Surprisingly, Hoover wasn’t upset with the Bonus Army’s gathering, and even encouraged them by providing food and supplies. On June 17, 1932, the Patman Bill was put down and Hoover ordered the Bonus Army to depart. When 2,000 of the men refused to move, the president sent 1,000 soldiers to send them home. With tear gas and bayonets, their task was accomplished. A few men were killed in this ordeal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herbert Hoover was the boy from Iowa fated to lead this nation through one of its greatest disasters. Unfortunately, he receives much undeserved blame for the crash of the stock market and subsequent depression the U.S. faced. Considering the circumstances, Hoover did a commendable job pulling us through this very hard of times.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Put the independent variable on the x-axis, put the dependent variable on the y- axis. 3. Label each axis with a quantity and a unit. 4. Give the graph a detailed title that includes the independent variable and the dependent variable. 5. Take a screen shot of the graph and paste it here. Conclusion: 1 . Summarize in one sentence whether or not the changes of the two share a pattern 2. Point out any strange results that may have occurred. Can you explain them? 3. Write a sentence that compares the results to the hypothesis. 4. Explain the conclusion scientifically.This means you interpret the data by explaining what the patterns mean. Use scientific language, and be specific. Do research to find explanations. Cite the sources here. [Remember to write the full source at the end in the Works Cited list. ] 1 . Yes there is a pattern between these two results. As more atmospheric CA, I see that the altitudes of Arctic Ice are decreasing. However, there are some strong winters that make t he melted ice change back to sate in water. But also this effect is starting to get a problem. Strong Winters haven't been occurring much as the sass's. . I had asked Ms Suzanne why the Arctic Ice's extent changes back to ice. She said it's because of the strong winters that occur. Another source I found from the Internet is that strong winters aren't tough as it used to be during 1900 to 1980. 3. More greenhouse gas emissions, sea levels will rise. 4. In conclusion, in the fact that if all the Arctic Ice melts the worlds sea level would rise. However, my hypothesis was wrong. Sea levels wouldn't rise if all the ice in the Arctic would melt. This is because it takes all the world's ice to make sea levels increase.If carbon dioxide emissions get worse the sea's level would rise up to about 62 meters. Atmospheric carbon dioxide can cause more consequences than Just sea level intensities. It can cause extinction for the animals that live in cold climates and the many lives of public he alth will get an impact from greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, since we can't destroy carbon dioxide we can maybe reduce the fossil fuel combustion and oil productions. We can maybe produce cars that are powered by electricity. 1. This is where you list all the sources you cited in your lab report. . Make sure this list only has sources you already cited in parenthesis 0. 3. Make sure the first word in parentheses is also the first word in the entry on the works cited list. 4. Indent after the first line of each entry. â€Å"Global Warming. † Facts, Causes and Effects of Climate Change. Web. 17 May 2014. Silverman, Jacob. Why Is Arctic Ice Melting 50 Years Too Fast? â€Å"Housework's. Housework. Com, 05 swept. 2007. Web. 18 May 2014. â€Å"Early Warning Signs of Global Warming: Arctic and Antarctic Warming I CUSCUS. † unto of concerned scientists. CUSS. Web. 20 May 2014.Teacher Decision Student Opinion Level descriptor The student is able to: 1-2 collect and presen t data in numerical and/or visual forms accurately interpret data state the validity of a hypothesis based on the outcome of a scientific investigation 3-4 collect and present data in numerical and/or visual forms correctly accurately interpret data and describe results outline the validity of a hypothesis based on the outcome of a scientific investigation 5-6 collect, organize and present data in numerical and/or visual forms correctly accurately interpret data and describe results using scientific reasoning describe the validity of a hypothesis based on the outcome of a scientific investigation 7-8 collect, organize, transform and present data in numerical and/or visual forms correctly accurately interpret data and describe results using correct scientific reasoning discuss the validity of a hypothesis based on the outcome of a scientific investigation Carbon dioxide emissions Carbon dioxide emanations from Annex I states have established since 1990 but are turning quickly in developing states ( non Annex I states ) at a rate of about 4 % per twelvemonth which is reflected in the universe emanations which are turning approximately 600 million dozenss of CO2 per twelvemonth. Carbon dioxide emanations are the dominant constituent of nursery gas emanations, but represented in 2006 merely 69,6 % of the entire emanations. The staying 30.4 % are methane ( CH4 ) , azotic oxide ( N2O ) and fluorinated gases with high planetary warming possible ( GWP ) which are: SF6 ( sulphur hexafluoride ) , HFCs ( hydrofluorcarbons ) and PFCs ( perfluorcarbons ) . ( Figure 4 ) . Normally one expresses GHG emanations in CO2 equivalent. Entire emanations in 2005 were about 45 Gtons of CO2.equivalent of which 30 Gtons of CO2. To cut down CO2 and other GHG emanations became therefore one of the most pressing undertakings we are confronting today. There are two attacks to manage this job:utilize energy more expeditiously, accordingly breathing less CO2 and widening the life of fossil fuels militias.increase the part of renewable energies in the universe energy matrixNational authoritiess every bit good as some sectors of the productive system ( industry, transit, residential and others ) can follow these solutions in differentiated grades.In industrialised states, which have already reached a high degree of energy ingestion â€Å" per capita † , energy efficiency is the â€Å" low hanging fruit † attack that can be more easy implemented. Renewable energies can besides play a important function.In developing states where energy ingestion â€Å" per capita † is low, and the demand for the growing for energies services is inevitable, it can be done integrating early, in the procedure of de velopment, clean and efficient engineerings every bit good as renewable energies, following a different way than that done in the yesteryear by today ‘s industrialised statesWe will discourse hereafter the potency of energy efficiency, renewable energies and emanations merchandising strategies in accomplishing the aims of cut downing nursery gas emanations.RENEWABLE ENERGIESTable I lists the renewable energy used in the universe at the terminal of 2008 by all types of renewable beginnings, every bit good their annual growing rates. Traditional biomass is left out of this tabular array because it is used chiefly in rural countries as cooking fuel or wood coal in ways that are often non renewable, taking to deforestation and dirt debasement Renewables ( including big hydro ) represented, in 2008, about 5 % of the universe? s entire primary energy ingestion but are turning at a rate of 6.3 % per twelvemonth while entire primary energy supply is turning at a smaller rate of about 2 % per twelvemonth. Taking into history the appropriate efficiency and capacity factors* the Numberss in Table I can be converted into the entire primary energy part from renewables ( Table II ) and Figure 6. An extrapolation of the part of renewables up to 2030 on the footing of the rates of growing in the last 10 old ages is shown in Figure 7. To give an thought of the attempt that would be needed to control CO2 emanations up to 2050 the IEA produced late two scenarios of what would be required in footings of renewables in the electricity sector. The consequences are shown in Table III. In the IEA Scenarios atomic energy and coal and gas fired thermic power workss ( with C gaining control and storage CCS ) are included. These Numberss are really big but give an thought of the attempt required to forestall a ruinous clime alteration. The chief policy instruments used to speed up the debut of renewables in the energy system of a figure of states are â€Å" feed in duties † and â€Å" renewable portfolio criterions † ( RPS )â€Å" Feed-in † duties: this is a policy adopted by authoritiess to speed up the debut of renewable energy beginnings in their matrixes. Power companies are obliged to purchase renewable energy from independent manufacturers, at a fixed monetary value above the mean cost of production. These incremental costs of renewable energy over fossil fuels can be transferred to consumers. Germany has had striking success with feed-in duties over the last two decennaries, providing 15 % of its energy demands through renewable beginnings. The German attack involves guaranteed fixed payments for 20 old ages designed to present a net income of 7 to 9 per centum. The rates charged vary by energy beginning and are tied to the cost of production. The rates paid for new contracts decline yea rly, coercing the green energy sector to introduce.Renewable Portfolio Standards: such attack topographic points an duty on electricity supply companies to bring forth a specified fraction of their electricity from renewable energy beginnings ( typically 10-20 % ) . Certified renewable energy generators earn certifications for every unit of electricity they produce and can sell these along with their electricity to provide companies. RPS-type mechanisms have been adopted in the UK, Italy and Belgium, every bit good as in 27 States in the US and the District of Columbia. Regulations vary from province to province, and there is no federal policy. Four of the 27 provinces have voluntary instead than compulsory ends. Together these 27 provinces account for more than 42 per centum of the electricity gross revenues in the state.Renewable energies are being introduced in a important manner in many states peculiarly in Europe in the signifier of distributed generation* ( ) ( largely renewab le ) which seems to be the attack to be used in big graduated table in the hereafter. ( Figure 8 )ENERGY EFFICIENCYThe sum of energy required to supply the energy services needed depends on the efficiency with which the energy is produced, delivered and used. Additions in energy efficiency are normally measured by indexs, one of which is called energy strength and defined as the energy necessary ( E ) per unit of gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) . I = E/GDP Decrease in the energy strength over clip indicate that the same sum of GDP is obtained with a smaller energy input as shown in Figure 9. In footings of CO2 emanations for the OECD states means a decrease of emanations of approximately 350 million dozenss of CO2 per twelvemonth. The grounds for such diminution are a combination of the undermentioned factors.structural alterations in industrialised and passage states which can come from increased recycling and permutation of energy-intensive stuffs improved material efficiency and intensified usage of lasting and investing goods,displacements to services and less energy-intensive industrial production, andimpregnation effects in the residential and transit sectors ( i.e. , a bound to the figure of autos, iceboxs, telecasting sets, etc. , that a society can absorb ) .Since more than 80 % of the energy used in the universe today comes from fossil fuels the decrease in energy strength is reflected in a decrease in C strength ( I=CO2/GDP ) which is shown in Figure 11. As can be look there is a steady diminution in the C strength in OECD states. In non-OECD states there was besides a diminution but it has stabilized after the twelvemonth 2000. Over the following 20 old ages the sum of primary energy required for a given degree of energy services could be cost-effectively reduced by 25 to 35 per centum in industrialised states. Decreases of more than 40 per centum are cost-effectively accomplishable in transitional economic systems within the following two decennaries. In most developing states? which tend to hold high economic growing and old capital and vehicle stocks? the cost-efficient betterment potency ranges from 30 to more than 45 per centum, comparative to energy efficiencies achieved with bing capital stock. The combined consequence of structural alterations and efficiency betterments could speed up the one-year diminution in energy strength to possibly 2.5 per centum. How much of this potency will be realized depends on the effectivity of policy models and steps, alterations in attitude and behaviour, every bit good as the degree of entrepreneurial activity in energy preservation and material efficiency. Standards ( e.g. , constructing codifications ; intelligent consumers, contrivers, and determination shapers ; motivated operators ; market-based inducements such as certification markets ; and an equal payments system ( ) for energy ) are cardinal to the successful execution of energy efficiency betterments.EMISSIONS TradingIn add-on to national attempts to control GHG emanations through increased energy efficiency steps and the usage of renewable energy beginning trading emanations is a scheme used to command pollution by supplying incentive s for accomplishing decreases in the emanation of pollutants. Usually it is called a? cap and trade? system and the manner is plants is the followers: A cardinal authorization ( normally a authorities or international organic structure ) sets a bound or cap on the sum of a pollutant that can be emitted. Companies or other groups are issued emanation licenses and are required to keep an tantamount figure of allowances ( or credits ) which represent the right to breathe a specific sum. The entire sum of allowances and credits can non transcend the cap, restricting entire emanations to that degree. Companies that need to increase their emanation allowances must purchase credits from those who pollute less. The transportation of allowances is referred to as a trade. In consequence, the purchaser is paying a charge for fouling, while the marketer is being rewarded for holding reduced emanations. An early illustration of an emanation trading system has been the SO2 trading system under the model of the Acid Rain Program of the 1990 Clean Air Act in the U.S. Under the plan, which is basically a cap-and-trade emanations trading system, SO2 emanations were reduced by 50 per centum from 1980 degrees by 2007. Some experts argue that the â€Å" cap and trade † system of SO2 emanations decrease has reduced the cost of commanding acerb rain by every bit much as 80 per centum versus source-by-source decrease? . ( ) At the international degree the Kyoto Protocol ( KP ) adopted in 1997 and which came into force in 2005, binds most developed states to a cap and trade system for the six major nursery gases. In malice of being a signer of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) , the United States is the lone industrialised state ( i.e. , under the KP Annex I ) which has non ratified and hence is non bound by it. Emission quotas were agreed by each take parting state, with the purpose of cut downing their overall emanations by 5.2 % of their 1990 degrees by the terminal of 2012. Under the Treaty, for the 5-year conformity period from 2008 until 2012, states that emit less than their quota will be able to sell emanation credits to states that exceed their quota through usage of the undermentioned flexibleness mechanisms:Joint Implementation undertakings ( JI )Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM )International Emissions Trading ( IET ) .The 2nd commitment period of the KP, t ogether with a long-run concerted action under the UNFCCC, will be discussed by states at the terminal of 2009.THE EUROPEAN UNION EMISSIONS Trading SCHEME ( EU ETS )The European Union Emission Trading System ( EU ETS ) is the largest multi-national, emanations merchandising strategy in the universe, and is a major pillar of EU clime policy. Under the EU ETS, the authoritiess of the EU Member States agree on national emanation caps which have to be approved by the EU committee, allocate allowances to their industrial operators, path and formalize the existent emanations in conformity against the relevant assigned sum. In the first stage ( 2005-2007 ) , the EU ETS includes some 12,000 installings, stand foring about 40 % of EU CO2 emanations, ( 2.4 billion dozenss of CO2 equivalent ) covering energy activities ( burning installings with a rated thermic input transcending 20 MW, mineral oil refineries, coke ovens, production and processing of ferric metals, mineral industry ( cement cinder, glass and ceramic bricks ) and mush, paper and board activities. The strategy, in which all 15 member provinces that were so members of the European Union participated, nominally commenced operation on January 1st, 2005, although national registers were unable to settle minutess for the first few months. The first trading period of the EU ETS ran for three old ages, from January 1st, 2005 until the terminal of 2007. With its expiration foremost phase allowances became invalid. The end of the test period was chiefly to derive experience with cardinal elements of the trading system in order to hold a to the full operational system for 2008-2012 when conformity with binding decreases would be required under the Kyoto Protocol. ( Table IV ) The monetary value of allowances increased more or less steadily to its peak degree in April 2006 of approximately? 30 per metric ton CO2, but fell in May 2006 to under? 10/ton on intelligence that some states were likely to give their industries such generous emanation caps that there was no demand for them to cut down emanations. When the publication of 2005 verified emanations informations in May 2006 highlighted this over-allocation, the market reacted by well take downing the monetary value of allowances. Monetary values dropped sharply to? 1.2 a metric ton in March 2007, worsening to? 0.10 in September 2007, because allowances could non be carried over or? banked? and used in the following trading period. Although the first stage ended disastrously, because the allowances could non be banked to the following stage, it did non impact on the monetary values for contracts for 2008, the first twelvemonth of the 2nd stage. Market participants knew already in 2007 that stage II would be more rigorous in relation to the cap and less indulgent in relation to allowances, which explains the high monetary values for 2008 allowances. The first EU ETS Trading Period expired in December 2007. Since January 2008, the 2nd Trading Period is under manner which will last until December 2012. Presently, the installings get the allowances for free from the EU member provinces ‘ authoritiess. Besides having this initial allotment on a plant-by-plant footing, an operator may buy EU allowances from others ( installings, bargainers, the authorities ) . In January 2008, the European Commission proposed a figure of alterations to the strategy, including centralized allotment ( no more national allotment programs ) by an EU authorization, a bend to auctioning a greater portion ( 60+ % ) of licenses instead than apportioning freely, and inclusion of other nursery gases, such as azotic oxide and per-fluorocarbons. These alterations are still in a bill of exchange phase ; the mentioned amendments are merely likely to go effectual from January 2013 onwards, i.e. in the 3rd Trading Period under the EU ETS. Besides, the proposed caps for the 3rd Trading Period foresee an overall decrease of nursery gases for the sector of 21 % in 2020 compared to 2005 emanations. The EU ETS has late been extended to the air hose industry every bit good, but these alterations will non take topographic point until 2012. In add-on, the 3rd trading period will be both more economically efficient and environmentally effectual. It will be more efficient because trading periods will be longer ( 8 old ages alternatively of 5 old ages ) , and a significant addition in the sum of auctioning ( from less than 4 % in stage 2 to more than half in stage 3 ) . The environmental effectivity will be guaranteed by a robust and yearly worsening emanations cap ( 21 % decrease in 2020 compared to 2005 ) and a centralised allotment procedure within the European Commission. A robust â€Å" secondary † market for C certifications exists through which investors bank on the future value of the EU ETS certifications altering many times. However the ETS doesn? T include conveyance, therefore this action is limited to industrial procedure and energy sector.Joint IMPLEMENTATION ( JI )Joint execution is one of flexibleness mechanisms set Forth in the Kyoto Protocol to assist states with binding nursery gas emanations marks ( alleged Annex I states ) meet their duties. In this mechanism any Annex I states can put in emanation decrease undertakings ( referred to as â€Å" Joint Implementation Projects † ) in any other Annex I state as an option to cut downing emanations domestically. In this manner states can take down the costs of following with their Kyoto marks by puting in nursery gas decreases in an Annex I state where decreases are cheaper, and so using the recognition for those decreases towards their committedness end. The procedure of having recognition for JI undertakings is slightly complex. Emission decreases are awarded credits called Emission Reduction Units ( ERUs ) , where one ERU represents an emanation decrease bing one metric ton of CO2 equivalent. The ERUs come from the host state ‘s pool of assigned emanations credits, known as Assigned Amount Units, or AAUs ( ) . After a long preparatory procedure JI undertakings began to take form. As of June 2009, 207 undertakings have been submitted. If all implemented they will take to emanations decrease of 338,048 million times CO2 equivalent in the period 2008-2012. The great bulk of the undertakings are in the Russian Federation and Eastern European states. The figure of JI undertakings by type is given in Figure 14. So far the lone certifications issued ( ERUs ) emanations decrease units are 651 thousand CO2 equivalent for coal bed/mine methane.CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM ( CDM )The Clean Development Mechanism is an agreement under the Kyoto Protocol leting industrialised states with a nursery gas decrease committedness ( called Annex B states ) to put in undertakings that cut down emanations in developing states as an option to more expensive emanation decreases in their ain states. A important characteristic of an sanctioned CDM C undertaking is that it has established that the planned decreases would non happen without the extra inducement provided by emanation decreases credits, a construct known as â€Å" additionality † . The CDM allows cyberspace planetary nursery gas emanations to be reduced at a much lower planetary cost by financing emanations decrease undertakings in developing states where costs are lower than in industrialised states. The CDM is supervised by the CDM Executive Board ( CDM EB ) and is under the counsel of the Conference of the Parties ( COP/MOP ) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . By June 1 2009, 4,417 undertakings have been submitted which if all implemented correspond to 2,931,813 million dozenss of CO2 equivalent. It represents approximately 1 % of the entire necessary attempt to control GHG emanations until 2050. Approximately 75 % of the CDM undertakings are in China. In contrast to emanations merchandising strategies which are actively traded in the stock market JI and CDM are project-based dealing.THE STIMULUS PACKAGEA important sum of the stimulus bundle adopted by a figure of authoritiess to confront the fiscal crisis of 2007/2008 is made of investings in so called? green? activities. They amount to 6 % of the entire recovery bundles announced by authoritiess ( US $ 184.9billion dollars ) . ( Figure 17 ) China and the US remain the leaders, in nominal footings, of the green stimulation activities, allowing US $ 68.7 billion and US $ 66.6 billion severally. The sector break-down shows that energy efficiency ( Figure 18 ) remains at the bosom of the low-carbon financial stimulations. Accounting for every bit much as 36 % of the entire US $ 184.9 billion, the sector will have a encouragement of some US $ 65.7 billion globally, chiefly via edifice efficiency undertakings. In add-on to that, US $ 7.9 billion has been announced for research and development in energy efficiency. The 2nd major victor is electricity grid substructure. More than US $ 48.7 billion has been earmarked for its development and ascent, accounting for some 26 % of the entire financess. The Department of Energy has already disbursed US $ 41.9 million in grants for fuel cell energy undertakings. Furthermore, US $ 101.5 million has been directed to weave energy research and elaborate programs have been disclosed on US $ 2.4 billion to be spent on C gaining control and storage and US $ 4 billion for grid ascents. Detailss of about US $ 1.3 billion, out of US $ 2 billion to back up energy scientific discipline research, have besides been confirmed and there are now merely some US $ 725 million staying to be allocated.

Australian Aborigines Essay

Anthropology is the study of humanity. In Chapters 3 and 4 of the text we are learning about kinship system. In these selections I will focus on the Australian Aborigines culture. I will also concentrate on the Australian Aborigines and the three specific examples of how the kinship system of the chosen culture impacts the way the culture evolves. This paper will also show how the cultures compare to each other. ? Voluntary controls on fertility for Aborigines were controlled in the form of infanticide. Based on the text infanticide is the killing or the abandonment of new born babies. This practice is usually used when a baby has problem or deformities, which make it hard for the offspring to be taken care of (3. 4 Settlement Patterns). In the United States infanticide would be consider a homicide. In our culture we do have abortions. Some women use abortions for various reason for example health problems, raped, or just plan not ready to be parent. ? ? In Australian Aborigines culture they believe in cross cousin marriage. As described in the text Cross cousins are the children of opposite sex siblings, such as the father’s sister or the mother’s brother. The man in this culture has the right to marry his father sister’s daughter or his mother’s brother’s daughter (3. 7 Social Organizations). In this culture and day and time, we look at marrying cousins as wrong. It is old folk tale that the third cousins are removed but that was some of the older cultures. So now we believe in my family at least that mixing blood so to speak can cause baby deformities. So in our culture cross cousin marriage is prohibited. We also have family reunions to help family members know who there family is. According to Australian Aboriginal culture, all living things were created by ancient spirit ancestors. These stories of creation are known as the Dream-time, or Dreaming. Dream time according to the Aborigines, describes the creation of the earth and how all living things were created and how that affects life and morality (3. 8 Rituals and Religion). We have all different religions in America that’s what makes us as unique as a culture. I am a Christian. I believe Jesus Christ came and save the world from sin. I believe that God came to Moses and that only way to heaven is through Jesus Christ. Some atheists would compare us to the Australian Aborigine’s folk tale, but everybody has and opinion. ? In-closing Australian Aborigines culture and all other cultures have examples of kinship systems. What I learned from the text is that through anthropology that all men as an allocated law or system to follow as there way of life, Today society has come a long ways, but still shares the some of the same values. To know where you going, you have to know where you came from. Nowak B. , & Laird, P. (2010). Cultural Anthropology. Ashford University, Discovery Series. Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Chemistry in depth essays

Chemistry in depth essays Archaeobacteria-prokaryotic organisms lacking peptidoglycan in their cell walls and differing from eubacteria in many ways. Binomial nomenclature-by Linnaeus where each organism is assigned a genus and specific epithet (2nd name) Cyanobacteria-photosynthetic, prokaryotic, typically unicellular organisms that are members of kingdom Monera Divergent evolution-process where descendents of a common ancestor species undergo sufficient change to be identified as separate species DNA hybridization-process where double strands of DNA of ea. Of 2 organisms are split apart and split strands from 2 organisms are allowed to combine Domain-new taxonomic category above kingdom level, consisting of Archae, Bacteria, and Eukarya Eukaryote-organism with eukaryotic cells (w/nucleus and other membrane bound structures Extreme halophile-grow in highly saline (salty) environments. Generally obligate aerobes Extreme thermoacidophile-require hot and acidic environment usually from Domain Archae Five-kingdom system-system of classifying organisms into one of 5 kingdoms: Monera (prokaryotae), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia Fungi-kingdom of nonphotosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms that absorb nutrients from their environment Genetic homology-similarity of DNA base sequences among organisms Genus-taxon consisting of one or more species (1st name) Methanogen-one of groups of Archaeobacteria that produce methane gas Monera-(prokaryote) kingdom of prokaryotic organisms that are unicellular and lack true cell nucleus Mycoplasmas-very sm. Bacteria w/ cell membranes, RNA, and DNA, but no cell walls Numerical taxonomy-comparison of organisms based on quantitative assessment of a lg. # of characteristics Phage typing-use of bacteriophages to determine similarities or differences among different bacteria Phylogenetic-pertaining to evolutionary relationships Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)-a technique for separating p...

Five ways tools can help you tackle Twitter - Emphasis

Five ways tools can help you tackle Twitter Five ways tools can help you tackle Twitter The basic Twitter.com platform is surprisingly inflexible. For example, it doesnt allow you to schedule tweets for later, monitor how many people have clicked on your links, combine multiple accounts or view more than one stream of information at a time. So most people who embrace Twitter use a variety of tools and apps to improve their experience. 1. Dashboard Two of the most popular dashboards are Tweetdeck (which started out as a separate entity but was bought by Twitter in May 2011) and Hootsuite. Both are free and let you view several streams simultaneously (for example your own tweets, replies to your tweets, direct messages or your timeline) in adjacent columns. Theyre also good for managing multiple Twitter accounts at the same time, and scheduling tweets. The main difference is that Tweetdeck is a desktop app so its not ideal if you hotdesk or work from several locations, while Hootsuite is browser based and therefore more portable. 2. Scheduled tweets Buffer offers even easier tweet scheduling, where instead of programming in a time and date for each tweet, you simply set a pattern. For example, you could program it to send two tweets a day, at 12.30pm and 3.30pm, Monday to Friday. Then you just fill up the dashboard with your tweets and drag and drop them into the order you want. It also tracks the performance of tweets sent through Buffer, letting you know how many clicks, retweets, replies and favourites they received, as well as their potential reach. 3. Collaborative tweeting If youre setting up a Twitter account that several people will contribute to, GroupTweet is well worth a look. It allows multiple users to post tweets to one account, either through the GroupTweet dashboard, or via their personal account using the relevant @ address or hashtag. The basic version is free, but if you want to be able to moderate and schedule tweets, youll need to upgrade at a cost of $4.99 a month. 4. Collating tweets On Twitter.com, your tweets dont stay around for long. If you need to retrieve something that you tweeted, or was tweeted to you, more than a couple of weeks back, youll be lucky if you can still find it. Searching in Google can help, but it depends how far back you want to go. Rather than digging around to try and find important tweets after the fact, favourite them at the time. Or if youre having a discussion and you want to save all of it, use Storify. Its great for saving brainstorming sessions for later heres one of mine discussing the differences between lunch, tea and dinner (a brainstorm of such epic dimensions that I still havent written the article I intended to). 5. Performance analysis It can be tempting to try to measure your Twitter performance, but proceed with caution. Basically, youre already doing it right if people are talking to you, RTing you or opening your links, and if your number of followers is growing. However, if you do want a little feedback, there are services available. Just remember to take what they say with a pinch of salt, and not get too caught up in the idea of performance after all, its about communication and relationships, not numbers. One interesting service is Crowdbooster, which shows you which of your tweets have been most popular and how many people they have potentially reached (it calls these impressions). It also reminds you about tweets you havent yet replied to, offers you the opportunity to schedule tweets for later and even advises you about what it thinks is the best time of day to tweet to your followers. If you just want to use it with one Twitter account, its free. To add more, youll have to pay ($39 a month for ten accounts, $99 a month for 30 accounts). A more controversial service is Klout, which scores your social influence between 1 and 100 based on data such as follower and following numbers, retweets and interactions. Its accuracy, however, is debatable. For example, it thinks I am influential not just about Brighton (fair enough, I live there) but Afghanistan and the Chicago Bears (neither of which I recall ever tweeting about). Over to you What tools do you use and recommend, and why? Well be writing more about Twitter in the new year, so wed love to hear your tips. You can either comment below or tweet us on @EmphasisWriting. Want more guidance on how to write for Twitter? See our Four tips for effective tweeting.

The Industrial Revolution 1820 - 1850 PowerPoint Presentation

The Industrial Revolution 1820 - 1850 - PowerPoint Presentation Example In America, the industrial revolution had a strong influence on the lives of ordinary people. This happened through the modification of the family structure and it affected the role of women and children. In other words, the industrial revolution shaped the way things were social, cultural and economic system of American families to the extent that women and children had to change the way they were delivering their services and earning income. This paper examines the way the contribution of women and children changed in America during the industrial revolution. This objective is attained in this paper through the examination of how women and children used to contribute their quota to the American economy before the industrial revolution. It goes on to view the changes that the industrial revolution brought and how it affected women and children. The paper then examines how the changes of the industrial revolution modified the way American women and children contributed their quota to building of the economy after the 1850s when the American revolution was entrenched in American society. The paper ends up with the lives of women and children after the industrial revolution by revealing some of the lasting effects of the industrial revolution on the earning patterns of women and children in the country.... Thus the period prior to the industrial revolution could be seen to be a period where labor intensive techniques were combined with archaic systems of agriculture to produce just enough for export. Another dominant factor that could be identified about this period is in the fact that America had very limited industries at the time of independence (Ulrich, 1998). Most of the goods and services produced were shipped off to Europe where the most sophisticated industries of the world were located around that time in the late 1700s. However, between 1810 and 1820, things began to change and the concept of industrialization began to to gain root throughout America (Ulrich, 1998: Dublin, 1995). Socially, the country was organized around the agrarian system that was dominant in the country. This is because the socio-cultural trend of the American people was one that depended strongly on business structures that existed at that time. â€Å"Whole family units worked together to grow crops and raise livestock† (Hillstrom & Hillstrom, 2007 p194). This implies that the whole country revolved around a system whereby families owned lands and worked on those land to produce crops and animals. These products were harvested and sold for some income that each family unit used to honor their individual and collective needs. At that time, the commercial system that existed in America was one where agricultural goods were battered for the purchase of other goods (Hillstrom & Hillstrom, 2007 p194). This shows that the systems of business were quite basic and unsophisticated. Most people had to rely on crops that they produced and harvesting was what all the families in

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

E-Business - Essay Example However, as much as online banking is present in many banks few have services worth consideration as e-banking. Banks engage in e-banking due to a number of benefits that they accrue together with their consumers and other stakeholders. This paper will look into e-banking in UK and how it is helping banks. E-banking and customers E-banking still has strides to make in order for banks, customers and stakeholders to fully benefit. In the developed world where technological literacy is high many banks have not embraced fully-fledged e-banking services. Many customers also have stuck with the traditional banking systems. This has led to a few net transactions being carried out under the e-banking systems (Helen and Fotini 2004). It is important to note that when a customer is satisfied, the service provider is satisfied in return. Customers who have chosen e-banking methods have done so to avoid standard practices that plague traditional banking (Ian 2009). Other customers do so to ensur e security and privacy of transactions since banks with e-banking options offer security guarantees. Customers are able to do a great deal online for example balance and e-statement inquiries, money transfers, changing personal details e.g. PIN, control overdraft transactions, manage standing orders and payments of bills among others. There are help lines established by banks most of which operate on 24 hours basis. E-banking and banks Mainstream banks in the UK like HSBC, Barclays, Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) and Lloyds are now having a wide range of e-banking services which are clearly illustrated in their websites. They are leveraging on the potential that internet technology has in order to establish online banking facilities. These banks have gained millions of customers from all over the world due to the flexible and convenient nature of e-banking (Ali, Datamonitor (Firm) and Reuters Business Insight 2000). Some of concrete advantages are as follows; 24 hours operations This is basically the biggest advantage where banks operate even after locking up their branches in the evening. E-banking enables customers to access their bank account details on a 24 hours basis as mentioned before. More customers Banks that utilise their marketing strategies to capture more customers are sure to gain more by having e-banking services. E-banking reaches many potential customers who are able to view what a bank has on offer and apply immediately in the bank’s website (Teo and Tan 2000). Traditional banks which have physical locations tend to use more effort to physically reach the prospective customer and convince them to open an account. Innovation in product and service range E-banking enables banks to develop products and services that can only serve internet users. Some of these are the e-bank statements, DVDs, news feeds on finances and financial calculators among others (Buckle, Buckle and Thompson 2004). This has however been challenging for banks in term s of investment cost. The more the services, the more is the initial cost but due to the relative lower cost of operations in the online business in the long term, the initial costs are overshadowed. Broad customer base It is an emerging advantage with banks attracting customers who are beyond their geographical regions. Internet is everywhere